California Safe and Supportive Schools

Physical and Emotional Violence Victimization

California Safe and Supportive Schools

Physical and Emotional Violence Victimization

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Peer victimization, or bullying, occurs anywhere youth are—schools, neighborhoods, online—and can be physical or verbal, or through social exclusion from groups. Bullying affects the general sense of safety at school, instilling a sense of vulnerability, isolation, and fear in its victims. It also reduces victims’ ability to organize their mental and emotional resources, negatively affecting student outcomes.

To combat bullying, schools must provide resources for all students, including the victims, aggressors, and bystanders. This What Works Brief focuses on how schools can best prevent and intervene in cases of bullying, including:

  • How to be prepared when bullying happens
  • Ways of taking action
  • 10 best practices for bullying prevention and intervention

Developed through the California Safe and Supportive Schools (S3) Grant, What Works Briefs summarize best practices, strategies, and programs for improving school climate. Based on research and grounded in experience, each brief provides practical recommendations for school staff, families, and community members. They are organized into three sections:

  • Quick Wins: What Teachers and Adults Can Do Right Now
  • Universal Supports: Schoolwide Policies, Practices, and Programs
  • Targeted Supports: Intensive Supports for At-Risk Youth

School Connectedness

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Research shows school connectedness—students’ belief that adults at school care about them as individual learners and people—relates strongly to a variety of positive outcomes for youth. Students who feel connected to school report that they:

  • Attend school more regularly
  • Experience higher quality peer relationships and believe that their friendships at school are positive, supportive, and low in conflict
  • Have lower rates of emotional distress, including symptoms of depression and anxiety, both in the short-term and over the course of their young adult lives
  • Report lower rates of substance use, including smoking, alcohol, and other drug use

This What Works Brief provides strategies educators, families, and community members can use to improve students’ school connectedness.

Developed through the California Safe and Supportive Schools (S3) Grant, What Works Briefs summarize best practices, strategies, and programs for improving school climate. Based on research and grounded in experience, each brief provides practical recommendations for school staff, families, and community members. They are organized into three sections:

  • Quick Wins: What Teachers and Adults Can Do Right Now
  • Universal Supports: Schoolwide Policies, Practices, and Programs
  • Targeted Supports: Intensive Supports for At-Risk Youth

Perceptions of Safety

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Students feel safe at school when they are free from harassment, bullying, violence, and substance use and experience positive, supportive relationships and engaging opportunities for learning. This What Works Brief offers strategies schools can use to help students feel safer at school, including:

  • Setting clear, consistent, and fair behavior policies
  • Prioritizing positive supports and restorative practices
  • Being visible, active, and interested

Developed through the California Safe and Supportive Schools (S3) Grant, What Works Briefs summarize best practices, strategies, and programs for improving school climate. Based on research and grounded in experience, each brief provides practical recommendations for school staff, families, and community members. They are organized into three sections:

  • Quick Wins: What Teachers and Adults Can Do Right Now
  • Universal Supports: Schoolwide Policies, Practices, and Programs
  • Targeted Supports: Intensive Supports for At-Risk Youth

Opportunities for Meaningful Participation

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Meaningful participation occurs when contributions to the school and classroom environment are facilitated, rather than directed, by adults and when learning is connected to students’ personal interests and applicable to their lives. This helps cultivate students’ autonomy, decision-making and leadership skills, and personal talents and strengths. This What Works Brief provides strategies educators can use to provide students more opportunities for meaningful participation, including:

  • Volunteering to be the advisor to a student-led initiative or interest group
  • Facilitating an after-school, extracurricular project in a particular content area
  • Having students collaborate to set class and school norms, as well as learning goals
  • Adding student-selected, project-based assignments to curricula

Developed through the California Safe and Supportive Schools (S3) Grant, What Works Briefs summarize best practices, strategies, and programs for improving school climate. Based on research and grounded in experience, each brief provides practical recommendations for school staff, families, and community members. They are organized into three sections:

  • Quick Wins: What Teachers and Adults Can Do Right Now
  • Universal Supports: Schoolwide Policies, Practices, and Programs
  • Targeted Supports: Intensive Supports for At-Risk Youth

Caring Relationships and High Expectations

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The quality of relationships at school are some of the strongest predictors of student academic achievement and teacher career satisfaction. When teachers, coaches, and other school staff feel engaged and supported themselves, they are more likely to cultivate caring and supportive relationships with students. When students have meaningful relationships with educators and peers, they benefit academically, socially, and emotionally. This What Works Brief provides research-based strategies for building and maintaining rewarding relationships with students, including:

  • Making connections with students
  • Being helpful and non-directive
  • Focusing on growth
  • Supporting students’ peer relationships

Developed through the California Safe and Supportive Schools (S3) Grant, What Works Briefs summarize best practices, strategies, and programs for improving school climate. Based on research and grounded in experience, each brief provides practical recommendations for school staff, families, and community members. They are organized into three sections:

  • Quick Wins: What Teachers and Adults Can Do Right Now
  • Universal Supports: Schoolwide Policies, Practices, and Programs
  • Targeted Supports: Intensive Supports for At-Risk Youth

Physical and Emotional Violence Perpetration

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Many schools have instituted various safety practices that research has shown to be ineffective or even harmful. Effective evidence-based strategies that reduce rates of physical and emotional violence all have a common denominator that includes non-punitive, restorative prevention and intervention practices. This What Works Brief provides evidence-based strategies that educators, families, and community members can use to:

  • Implement positive and restorative behavior policies and practices
  • Provide clear, consistent, and culturally relevant expectations
  • Reflect on existing discipline procedures

Developed through the California Safe and Supportive Schools (S3) Grant, What Works Briefs summarize best practices, strategies, and programs for improving school climate. Based on research and grounded in experience, each brief provides practical recommendations for school staff, families, and community members. They are organized into three sections:

  • Quick Wins: What Teachers and Adults Can Do Right Now
  • Universal Supports: Schoolwide Policies, Practices, and Programs
  • Targeted Supports: Intensive Supports for At-Risk Youth